UUNITED KINGDOM
FACTBOOK
United Kingdom FactbookDraft

November 2026 Edition

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United Kingdom Factbook · National chapter / GBR

Economy

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2021 Factbook flag mirror; image identity has not been individually audited. Source.

Last updated: November 5, 2026

Sections in Economy
  1. Economic overview
  2. Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
  3. Real GDP growth rate
  4. Real GDP per capita
  5. GDP (official exchange rate)
  6. Inflation rate (consumer prices)
  7. GDP - composition, by sector of origin
  8. GDP - composition, by end use
  9. Agricultural products
  10. Industries
  11. Industrial production growth rate
  12. Labor force
  13. Unemployment rate
  14. Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
  15. Population below poverty line
  16. Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
  17. Average household expenditures
  18. Household income or consumption by percentage share
  19. Remittances
  20. Budget
  21. Public debt
  22. Taxes and other revenues
  23. Current account balance
  24. Exports
  25. Exports - partners
  26. Exports - commodities
  27. Imports
  28. Imports - partners
  29. Imports - commodities
  30. Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
  31. Exchange rates

Economy

Economic overview:107

high-income, non-EU European economy; global financial center and dominant service sector; sluggish growth from stringent monetary policy, reduced business investment, low productivity and participation rates; fiscal austerity in face of high public debt
Source context

Reference period: As stated in each note.

Original reference ↗

Source note [107]

Real GDP (purchasing power parity):108

2024:$3.636 trillion (2024 est.)
2023:$3.596 trillion (2023 est.)
2022:$3.582 trillion (2022 est.)
note:data in 2021 dollars
Source context

Reference period: As stated in each note.

Original reference ↗

Source note [108]

Real GDP growth rate:109

note:annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Source context

Reference period: As stated in each note.

Original reference ↗

Source note [109]

Real GDP per capita:110

note:data in 2021 dollars
Source context

Reference period: As stated in each note.

Original reference ↗

Source note [110]

GDP (official exchange rate):111

GDP: 4,002,587,541,846.01 current US dollars (2025)

$3.644 trillion (2024 est.)
note:data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Source context

Reference period: 2024.

Original reference ↗

Source note [111]

Inflation rate (consumer prices):113

note:annual % change based on consumer prices
Source context

Reference period: As stated in each note.

Original reference ↗

Source note [113]

GDP - composition, by sector of origin:114

agriculture:0.6% (2024 est.)
industry:16.7% (2024 est.)
services:72.8% (2024 est.)
note:figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Source context

Reference period: As stated in each note.

Original reference ↗

Source note [114]

GDP - composition, by end use:115

household consumption:61.3% (2023 est.)
government consumption:20.5% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital:17.6% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories:-0.4% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services:32% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services:-33.1% (2023 est.)
note:figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Source context

Reference period: As stated in each note.

Original reference ↗

Source note [115]

Agricultural products:116

milk, wheat, sugar beets, barley, potatoes, chicken, rapeseed, pork, beef, oats (2023)
note:top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Source context

Reference period: 2023.

Original reference ↗

Source note [116]

Industries:117

machine tools, electric power equipment, automation equipment, railroad equipment, shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and paper products, food processing, textiles, clothing, other consumer goods
Source context

Reference period: As stated in each note.

Original reference ↗

Source note [117]

Industrial production growth rate:118

note:annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Source context

Reference period: 2024.

Original reference ↗

Source note [118]

Labor force:119

35.359 million (2024 est.)
note:number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Source context

Reference period: 2024.

Original reference ↗

Source note [119]

Unemployment rate:120

note:% of labor force seeking employment
Source context

Reference period: As stated in each note.

Original reference ↗

Source note [120]

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24):121

total:12.4% (2024 est.)
male:14.9% (2024 est.)
female:9.7% (2024 est.)
note:% of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Source context

Reference period: As stated in each note.

Original reference ↗

Source note [121]

Population below poverty line:122

note:% of population with income below national poverty line
Source context

Reference period: 2017.

Original reference ↗

Source note [122]

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income:123

2021:32.4 (2021 est.)
note:index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Source context

Reference period: As stated in each note.

Original reference ↗

Source note [123]

Average household expenditures:124

on food:8.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco:3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Source context

Reference period: As stated in each note.

Original reference ↗

Source note [124]

Household income or consumption by percentage share:125

lowest 10%:3% (2021 est.)
highest 10%:24.6% (2021 est.)
note:% share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Source context

Reference period: As stated in each note.

Original reference ↗

Source note [125]

Remittances:126

2024:0.1% of GDP (2024 est.)
2023:0.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
2022:0.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
note:personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Source context

Reference period: As stated in each note.

Original reference ↗

Source note [126]

Budget:127

revenues:$1.211 trillion (2023 est.)
expenditures:$1.442 trillion (2023 est.)
note:central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Source context

Reference period: As stated in each note.

Original reference ↗

Source note [127]

Public debt:128

2023:138.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
note:central government debt as a % of GDP
Source context

Reference period: As stated in each note.

Original reference ↗

Source note [128]

Taxes and other revenues:129

27.4% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
note:central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Source context

Reference period: 2023.

Original reference ↗

Source note [129]

Current account balance:130

2024:-$96.634 billion (2024 est.)
2023:-$118.354 billion (2023 est.)
2022:-$70.962 billion (2022 est.)
note:balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Source context

Reference period: As stated in each note.

Original reference ↗

Source note [130]

Exports:131

2024:$1.117 trillion (2024 est.)
2023:$1.078 trillion (2023 est.)
2022:$1.041 trillion (2022 est.)
note:balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Source context

Reference period: As stated in each note.

Original reference ↗

Source note [131]

Exports - partners:132

USA 14%, China 8%, Germany 8%, Netherlands 7%, Ireland 7% (2023)
note:top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Source context

Reference period: 2023.

Original reference ↗

Source note [132]

Exports - commodities:133

cars, gold, gas turbines, packaged medicine, crude petroleum (2023)
note:top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Source context

Reference period: 2023.

Original reference ↗

Source note [133]

Imports:134

2024:$1.158 trillion (2024 est.)
2023:$1.114 trillion (2023 est.)
2022:$1.1 trillion (2022 est.)
note:balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Source context

Reference period: As stated in each note.

Original reference ↗

Source note [134]

Imports - partners:135

China 13%, USA 11%, Germany 10%, France 5%, Norway 4% (2023)
note:top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Source context

Reference period: 2023.

Original reference ↗

Source note [135]

Imports - commodities:136

cars, gold, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas (2023)
note:top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Source context

Reference period: 2023.

Original reference ↗

Source note [136]

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:137

2024:$174.598 billion (2024 est.)
2023:$177.915 billion (2023 est.)
2022:$176.41 billion (2022 est.)
note:holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Source context

Reference period: As stated in each note.

Original reference ↗

Source note [137]

Exchange rates:138

Currency:British pounds (GBP) per US dollar -
Source context

Reference period: As stated in each note.

Original reference ↗

Source note [138]

Historical observations

Notes & sources

  1. Economic overview. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  2. Real GDP (purchasing power parity). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  3. Real GDP growth rate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  4. Real GDP per capita. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  5. GDP (official exchange rate). Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Different reference years; no numerical agreement is asserted. World Bank: 4,002,587,541,846.01 current US dollars (2025). Reference: 3,644,000,000,000 current US dollars (2024). Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  6. GDP. GDP: observation 2025; checked 2026-10-29; single source. World Bank World Development Indicators. Different reference years; no numerical agreement is asserted. World Bank: 4,002,587,541,846.01 current US dollars (2025). Reference: 3,644,000,000,000 current US dollars (2024). ↩
  7. Inflation rate (consumer prices). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  8. GDP - composition, by sector of origin. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  9. GDP - composition, by end use. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  10. Agricultural products. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  11. Industries. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  12. Industrial production growth rate. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  13. Labor force. Reference edition; observation: 2024. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  14. Unemployment rate. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  15. Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24). Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  16. Population below poverty line. Reference edition; observation: 2017. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  17. Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  18. Average household expenditures. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  19. Household income or consumption by percentage share. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  20. Remittances. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  21. Budget. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  22. Public debt. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  23. Taxes and other revenues. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  24. Current account balance. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  25. Exports. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  26. Exports - partners. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  27. Exports - commodities. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  28. Imports. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  29. Imports - partners. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  30. Imports - commodities. Reference edition; observation: 2023. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  31. Reserves of foreign exchange and gold. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
  32. Exchange rates. Reference edition; observation: dates as stated in text. Field last updated: not supplied; profile fallback: 2025-12-04 13:07:35 -0500 (not a field revision date); needs review. Reference source. Edition retrieval date: not supplied (retrieval only). ↩
← GovernmentNotes & sourcesEnergy →

Countries & territories

Same-year values. Equal values share a rank.

Sources & method

Ranks cover available countries and territories, using the same indicator, source unit and reference year. Unrounded source values determine ties. Coverage is not a sovereign-country or complete global ranking; national definitions may differ. Missing values and other years are excluded. The information icon preserves the original number, unit and evidence.

RankCountry or territoryValue
Source information
International organization

Source observations